diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 4d3d991..1d55214 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # Makefile for AbstractMachine Kernels and Libraries
-include scripts/helpers/rules.mk
 
 ### *Get a more readable version of this Makefile* by `make html` (requires python-markdown)
 html:
@@ -9,15 +8,18 @@ html:
 
 ## 1. Basic Setup and Checks
 
-### Default to create all static libraries
+### Default to create a bare-metal kernel image
 ifeq ($(MAKECMDGOALS),)
-  MAKECMDGOALS  = libs
-  .DEFAULT_GOAL = libs
+  MAKECMDGOALS  = image
+  .DEFAULT_GOAL = image
 endif
 
 ### Override checks when `make clean/clean-all/html`
 ifeq ($(findstring $(MAKECMDGOALS),clean|clean-all|html),)
 
+### Print build info message
+$(info # Building $(NAME)-$(MAKECMDGOALS) [$(ARCH)])
+
 ### Check: environment variable `$AM_HOME` looks sane
 ifeq ($(wildcard $(AM_HOME)/am/include/am.h),)
   $(error $$AM_HOME must be an AbstractMachine repo)
@@ -34,20 +36,35 @@ ARCH_SPLIT = $(subst -, ,$(ARCH))
 ISA        = $(word 1,$(ARCH_SPLIT))
 PLATFORM   = $(word 2,$(ARCH_SPLIT))
 
+### Check if there is something to build
+ifeq ($(flavor SRCS), undefined)
+  $(error Nothing to build)
+endif
+
 ### Checks end here
 endif
 
-## 2. Setup variables pointing to build and install directory
+## 2. General Compilation Targets
 
 ### Create the destination directory (`build/$ARCH`)
-WORK_DIR  ?= $(shell pwd)
-DST_DIR   ?= $(WORK_DIR)/build/$(ARCH)
-LIB_BUILDDIR ?= $(DST_DIR)/lib
-INSTALLDIR ?= $(WORK_DIR)/build/install/$(ARCH)
-LIB_INSTALLDIR ?= $(INSTALLDIR)/lib
-INC_INSTALLDIR ?= $(INSTALLDIR)/include
+WORK_DIR  = $(shell pwd)
+DST_DIR   = $(WORK_DIR)/build/$(ARCH)
+$(shell mkdir -p $(DST_DIR))
 
-## 3. Toolchain setup
+### Compilation targets (a binary image or archive)
+IMAGE_REL = build/$(NAME)-$(ARCH)
+IMAGE     = $(abspath $(IMAGE_REL))
+ARCHIVE   = $(WORK_DIR)/build/$(NAME)-$(ARCH).a
+
+### Collect the files to be linked: object files (`.o`) and libraries (`.a`)
+OBJS      = $(addprefix $(DST_DIR)/, $(addsuffix .o, $(basename $(SRCS))))
+LIBS     := $(sort $(LIBS) am klib) # lazy evaluation ("=") causes infinite recursions
+LINKAGE   = $(OBJS) \
+  $(addsuffix -$(ARCH).a, $(join \
+    $(addsuffix /build/, $(addprefix $(AM_HOME)/, $(LIBS))), \
+    $(LIBS) ))
+
+## 3. General Compilation Flags
 
 ### (Cross) compilers, e.g., mips-linux-gnu-g++
 CC        ?= $(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
@@ -59,103 +76,80 @@ OBJDUMP   ?= $(CROSS_COMPILE)objdump
 OBJCOPY   ?= $(CROSS_COMPILE)objcopy
 READELF   ?= $(CROSS_COMPILE)readelf
 
+### Compilation flags
+INC_PATH += $(WORK_DIR)/include $(addsuffix /include/, $(addprefix $(AM_HOME)/, $(LIBS)))
+INCFLAGS += $(addprefix -I, $(INC_PATH))
+
+ARCH_H := arch/$(ARCH).h
+CFLAGS   += -lm -g -O3 -MMD -Wall $(INCFLAGS) \
+            -D__ISA__=\"$(ISA)\" -D__ISA_$(shell echo $(ISA) | tr a-z A-Z)__ \
+            -D__ARCH__=$(ARCH) -D__ARCH_$(shell echo $(ARCH) | tr a-z A-Z | tr - _) \
+            -D__PLATFORM__=$(PLATFORM) -D__PLATFORM_$(shell echo $(PLATFORM) | tr a-z A-Z | tr - _) \
+            -DARCH_H=\"$(ARCH_H)\" \
+            -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables -fno-builtin -fno-stack-protector \
+            -Wno-main -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -fvisibility=hidden
+CXXFLAGS +=  $(CFLAGS) -ffreestanding -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
+ASFLAGS  += $(INCFLAGS)
+LDFLAGS  += -z noexecstack
+
 ## 4. Arch-Specific Configurations
 
-# TODO: Removed CROSS_COMPILE toolchain setup as it's too complicated
-# 		  for Makefile to do right. Force the user to provide a CROSS_COMPILE
-# 		  prefix for now. They can also specify CFLAGS and LDFLAGS through
-# 		  environment variable.
-include $(AM_HOME)/scripts/$(ARCH).mk
+### Paste in arch-specific configurations (e.g., from `scripts/x86_64-qemu.mk`)
+-include $(AM_HOME)/scripts/$(ARCH).mk
+
+### Fall back to native gcc/binutils if there is no cross compiler
+ifeq ($(wildcard $(shell which $(CC))),)
+  $(info #  $(CC) not found; fall back to default gcc and binutils)
+  CROSS_COMPILE := riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-
+endif
 
 ## 5. Compilation Rules
 
-BUILDDIR := $(DST_DIR)
-COMMON_CFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -g -O3 -MMD -Wall \
-                 -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables -fno-builtin -fno-stack-protector \
-                 -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -fvisibility=hidden -fno-exceptions -std=gnu11 
-INTERFACE_LDFLAGS += -z noexecstack
-INTERFACE_CFLAGS += -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables \
-                    -fno-builtin -fno-stack-protector \
-                    -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -fvisibility=hidden -fno-exceptions
-### Build libam
-#### Include archetecture specific build flags
-COMMON_CFLAGS += -D__ARCH_$(shell echo $(ARCH) | tr a-z A-Z | tr - _) \
-                 -D__ISA_$(shell echo $(ISA) | tr a-z A-Z)__ \
-                 -DARCH_H=\"$(ARCH_H)\"
-INTERFACE_CFLAGS += -DARCH_H=\"$(ARCH_H)\"
+### Rule (compile): a single `.c` -> `.o` (gcc)
+$(DST_DIR)/%.o: %.c
+	@mkdir -p $(dir $@) && echo + CC $<
+	@$(CC) -std=gnu11 $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $(realpath $<)
 
-#### Generating build rules with ADD_LIBRARY call. Target specific build flags can be tuned via changing prefixed variables (AM_ here)
-AM_INCPATH += $(AM_HOME)/am/include $(AM_HOME)/am/src $(AM_HOME)/klib/include
-AM_CFLAGS += $(COMMON_CFLAGS) $(addprefix -I, $(AM_INCPATH))
-AM_INTERFACE_INCPATH += $(AM_HOME)/am/include $(AM_HOME)/klib/include
-AM_INTERFACE_CFLAGS += 
-                       
-AM_INTERFACE_LDFLAGS += -lam-$(ARCH)
+### Rule (compile): a single `.cc` -> `.o` (g++)
+$(DST_DIR)/%.o: %.cc
+	@mkdir -p $(dir $@) && echo + CXX $<
+	@$(CXX) -std=c++17 $(CXXFLAGS) -c -o $@ $(realpath $<)
 
-$(eval $(call ADD_LIBRARY,$(LIB_BUILDDIR)/libam-$(ARCH).a,AM_))
+### Rule (compile): a single `.cpp` -> `.o` (g++)
+$(DST_DIR)/%.o: %.cpp
+	@mkdir -p $(dir $@) && echo + CXX $<
+	@$(CXX) -std=c++17 $(CXXFLAGS) -c -o $@ $(realpath $<)
 
-### Build klib
+### Rule (compile): a single `.S` -> `.o` (gcc, which preprocesses and calls as)
+$(DST_DIR)/%.o: %.S
+	@mkdir -p $(dir $@) && echo + AS $<
+	@$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -c -o $@ $(realpath $<)
 
-KLIB_SRCS := $(shell find klib/src/ -name "*.c")
+### Rule (recursive make): build a dependent library (am, klib, ...)
+$(LIBS): %:
+	@$(MAKE) -s -C $(AM_HOME)/$* archive
 
-KLIB_INCPATH += $(AM_HOME)/am/include $(AM_HOME)/klib/include
-KLIB_CFLAGS += $(COMMON_CFLAGS) $(addprefix -I, $(KLIB_INCPATH))
-KLIB_INTERFACE_INCPATH += $(AM_HOME)/am/include $(AM_HOME)/klib/include
-KLIB_INTERFACE_CFLAGS +=
-KLIB_INTERFACE_LDFLAGS += -lklib-$(ARCH)
+### Rule (link): objects (`*.o`) and libraries (`*.a`) -> `IMAGE.elf`, the final ELF binary to be packed into image (ld)
+$(IMAGE).elf: $(OBJS) $(LIBS)
+	@echo + LD "->" $(IMAGE_REL).elf
+	@$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -o $(IMAGE).elf --start-group $(LINKAGE) --end-group
 
-$(eval $(call ADD_LIBRARY,$(LIB_BUILDDIR)/libklib-$(ARCH).a,KLIB_))
+### Rule (archive): objects (`*.o`) -> `ARCHIVE.a` (ar)
+$(ARCHIVE): $(OBJS)
+	@echo + AR "->" $(shell realpath $@ --relative-to .)
+	@$(AR) rcs $(ARCHIVE) $(OBJS)
 
-LIBS := am klib
-libs: $(addsuffix -$(ARCH).a, $(addprefix $(LIB_BUILDDIR)/lib, $(ALL)))
-$(LIBS): %: $(addsuffix -$(ARCH).a, $(addprefix $(LIB_BUILDDIR)/lib, %))
+### Rule (`#include` dependencies): paste in `.d` files generated by gcc on `-MMD`
+-include $(addprefix $(DST_DIR)/, $(addsuffix .d, $(basename $(SRCS))))
 
-## 6. Install rules
-INTERFACE_INCPATH += $(sort $(KLIB_INTERFACE_INCPATH) $(AM_INTERFACE_INCPATH))
-# TODO: Use sort here will cause error on seperated flags, such as: -e _start
-# but without sort, duplicated flags will not be removed.
-INTERFACE_CFLAGS += $(addprefix -I, $(INTERFACE_INCPATH:%=$(INC_INSTALLDIR))) $(sort $(KLIB_INTERFACE_CFLAGS) $(AM_INTERFACE_CFLAGS))
-INTERFACE_CXXFLAGS += $(INTERFACE_CFLAGS) $(addprefix -I, $(INTERFACE_INCPATH:%=$(INC_INSTALLDIR)))
-INTERFACE_LDFLAGS += -L$(LIB_INSTALLDIR) $(sort $(KLIB_INTERFACE_LDFLAGS) $(AM_INTERFACE_LDFLAGS))
+## 6. Miscellaneous
 
-EXPORT_FLAGS_FILE := $(LIB_INSTALLDIR)/make/flags-$(ARCH).mk
-EXPORT_FLAGS_TEMPLATE := $(file < $(AM_HOME)/scripts/templates/flags.tmpl)
-HELPERS := $(wildcard find scripts/helpers/*.mk)
-EXPORT_HELPERS := $(HELPERS:scripts/helpers/%=$(LIB_INSTALLDIR)/make/%)
-
-EXPORTS := $(EXPORT_FLAGS_FILE) $(EXPORT_HELPERS)
-
-$(EXPORT_HELPERS): $(LIB_INSTALLDIR)/make/%: scripts/helpers/%
-	@echo + INSTALL $(patsubst $(INSTALLDIR)/%,%,$@)
-	@install -dm755 $(dir $@)
-	@install -Dm644 $< $(dir $@)
-
-export INTERFACE_CFLAGS INTERFACE_CXXFLAGS INTERFACE_ASFLAGS INTERFACE_INCPATH INTERFACE_LDFLAGS
-$(EXPORT_FLAGS_FILE):
-	@echo + INSTALL $(patsubst $(INSTALLDIR)/%,%,$@)
-	@install -Dm644 <(printf $(EXPORT_FLAGS_TEMPLATE)) $(EXPORT_FLAGS_FILE)
-
-LDSCRIPTS := $(patsubst $(AM_HOME)/scripts/%, $(LIB_INSTALLDIR)/ldscripts/%, $(shell find $(AM_HOME)/scripts -name "*.ld"))
-
-$(LDSCRIPTS): $(LIB_INSTALLDIR)/ldscripts/%: $(AM_HOME)/scripts/%
-	@echo + INSTALL $(patsubst $(INSTALLDIR)/%,%,$@)
-	@mkdir -p $(LIB_INSTALLDIR)/ldscripts
-	@install -Dm644 $< $(dir $@)
-
-install-libs: $(LIBS)
-	@echo + INSTALL LIBS: $(LIBS) 
-	@install -dm755 $(LIB_INSTALLDIR)
-	@install -Dm644 $(addsuffix -$(ARCH).a, $(addprefix $(LIB_BUILDDIR)/lib, $(LIBS))) $(LIB_INSTALLDIR)
-
-install-headers: HEADERS := $(shell find $(INTERFACE_INCPATH) -name '*.h')
-install-headers: $(HEADERS)	# Headers needs to be reinstalled if they are changed 
-	@echo + INSTALL HEADERS: $(INTERFACE_INCPATH)
-	@install -dm755 $(INC_INSTALLDIR)
-	@cp -r $(addsuffix /*, $(INTERFACE_INCPATH)) $(INC_INSTALLDIR)
-
-install: $(EXPORTS) install-libs install-headers $(LDSCRIPTS)
-
-.PHONY: libs $(LIBS) install
+### Build order control
+image: image-dep
+archive: $(ARCHIVE)
+image-dep: $(OBJS) $(LIBS)
+	@echo \# Creating image [$(ARCH)]
+.PHONY: image image-dep archive run $(LIBS)
 
 ### Clean a single project (remove `build/`)
 clean:
diff --git a/am/src/platform/nemu/ioe/ioe.c b/am/src/platform/nemu/ioe/ioe.c
index b0883a9..5970e20 100644
--- a/am/src/platform/nemu/ioe/ioe.c
+++ b/am/src/platform/nemu/ioe/ioe.c
@@ -59,4 +59,3 @@ bool ioe_init() {
 
 void ioe_read(int reg, void *buf) { ((handler_t)lut[reg])(buf); }
 void ioe_write(int reg, void *buf) { ((handler_t)lut[reg])(buf); }
-
diff --git a/am/src/platform/nemu/trm.c b/am/src/platform/nemu/trm.c
index 9711edf..a46af4d 100644
--- a/am/src/platform/nemu/trm.c
+++ b/am/src/platform/nemu/trm.c
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ void halt(int code) {
   while (1);
 }
 
-
 void _trm_init() {
   heap_alloc_ptr = heap.start;
   int ret = main(mainargs);
diff --git a/am/src/riscv/nemu/start.S b/am/src/riscv/nemu/start.S
index 3f9740f..3e56e5c 100644
--- a/am/src/riscv/nemu/start.S
+++ b/am/src/riscv/nemu/start.S
@@ -5,7 +5,4 @@
 _start:
   mv s0, zero
   la sp, _stack_pointer
-
-  lui t0, %hi(_trm_init)   # Load upper 20 bits
-  addi t0, t0, %lo(_trm_init)  # Add lower 12 bits
-  jalr ra, t0, 0           # Jump and link register
+  jal _trm_init
diff --git a/klib/include/klib.h b/klib/include/klib.h
index 2be1e1f..80103e1 100644
--- a/klib/include/klib.h
+++ b/klib/include/klib.h
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ char *strcpy(char *dst, const char *src);
 char *strncpy(char *dst, const char *src, size_t n);
 int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
 int strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
-void *memchr(const void *src, int c, size_t n);
 
 
 //stdlib.h
diff --git a/klib/src/stdlib.c b/klib/src/stdlib.c
index ca372ef..e88eb69 100644
--- a/klib/src/stdlib.c
+++ b/klib/src/stdlib.c
@@ -54,31 +54,4 @@ void *malloc(size_t size) {
 void free(void *ptr) {
 }
 
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <limits.h>
-
-#define SS (sizeof(size_t))
-#define ALIGN (sizeof(size_t)-1)
-#define ONES ((size_t)-1/UCHAR_MAX)
-#define HIGHS (ONES * (UCHAR_MAX/2+1))
-#define HASZERO(x) ((x)-ONES & ~(x) & HIGHS)
-
-void *memchr(const void *src, int c, size_t n)
-{
-	const unsigned char *s = src;
-	c = (unsigned char)c;
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-	for (; ((uintptr_t)s & ALIGN) && n && *s != c; s++, n--);
-	if (n && *s != c) {
-		typedef size_t __attribute__((__may_alias__)) word;
-		const word *w;
-		size_t k = ONES * c;
-		for (w = (const void *)s; n>=SS && !HASZERO(*w^k); w++, n-=SS);
-		s = (const void *)w;
-	}
-#endif
-	for (; n && *s != c; s++, n--);
-	return n ? (void *)s : 0;
-}
-
 #endif
diff --git a/scripts/helpers/rules.mk b/scripts/helpers/rules.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index df51bee..0000000
--- a/scripts/helpers/rules.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-
-# Usage:
-# $(1): Target prefix
-#
-# Generate build rules for files in variable <PREFIX>_SRCS. Use <PREFIX>_CFLAGS,
-# <PREFIX>_CXXFLAGS, <PREFIX>_ASFLAGS to control build flags.
-# Object files will be put into $BUILDDIR
-# E.g: 
-# $(eval $(call COMPILE_RULES,AM_))
-define COMPILE_RULES
-$(1)OBJS += $$(addprefix $$(BUILDDIR)/, $$(addsuffix .o, $$($(1)SRCS)))
-### Rule (compile): a single `.c` -> `.c.o` (gcc)
-$$(filter %.c.o, $$($(1)OBJS)): $$(BUILDDIR)/%.c.o: %.c
-	@mkdir -p $$(dir $$@) && echo + CC $$<
-	@$$(CC) $$($(1)CFLAGS) -c -o $$@ $$(realpath $$<)
-
-### Rule (compile): a single `.cc` -> `.cc.o` (g++)
-$$(filter %.cc.o, $$($(1)OBJS)): $$(BUILDDIR)/%.cc.o: %.cc
-	@mkdir -p $$(dir $$@) && echo + CXX $$<
-	@$$(CXX) $$($(1)CXXFLAGS) -c -o $$@ $$(realpath $$<)
-
-### Rule (compile): a single `.cpp` -> `.cpp.o` (g++)
-$$(filter %.cpp.o, $$($(1)OBJS)): $$(BUILDDIR)/%.cpp.o: %.cpp
-	@mkdir -p $$(dir $$@) && echo + CXX $$<
-	@$$(CXX) $$($(1)CXXFLAGS) -c -o $$@ $$(realpath $$<)
-
-### Rule (compile): a single `.S` -> `.S.o` (gcc, which preprocesses and calls as)
-$$(filter %.S.o, $$($(1)OBJS)): $$(BUILDDIR)/%.S.o: %.S
-	@mkdir -p $$(dir $$@) && echo + AS $$<
-	@$$(AS) $$($(1)ASFLAGS) -c -o $$@ $$(realpath $$<)
-
-### Rule (`#include` dependencies): paste in `.d` files generated by gcc on `-MMD`
--include $$(addprefix $$(BUILDDIR)/, $$(addsuffix .d, $$(filter %.c %.cc, $$($(1)SRCS))))
-endef
-
-# Usage:
-# $(1): Library build path
-# $(2): Library variable prefix
-# E.g: 
-# $(eval $(call ADD_LIBRARY,am-riscv,AM_))
-define ADD_LIBRARY
-$(eval $(call COMPILE_RULES,$(2)))
-$(1): $$($(2)OBJS) 
-	@mkdir -p $$(dir $$@)
-	@echo + AR "->" $$(patsubst $$(CURDIR)/%,%,$(1))
-	@$$(AR) rcs $$@ $$($(2)OBJS)
-endef
-
-# Usage:
-# $(1): Image build path
-# $(2): Image variable prefix
-# E.g: 
-# $(eval $(call ADD_IMAGE,dummy,DUMMY_))
-define ADD_IMAGE
-$(eval $(call COMPILE_RULES,$(2)))
-$(1).elf: $$($(2)OBJS) 
-	@mkdir -p $$(dir $$@)
-	@echo + LD "->" $$(patsubst $$(CURDIR)/%,%,$(1).elf)
-	@$$(LD) -o $$@ $$(filter-out -l%,$$($(2)LDFLAGS)) --start-group $$($(2)OBJS) $$(filter -l%,$$($(2)LDFLAGS)) --end-group  
-$(1).bin: $(1).elf
-	@echo + OBJCOPY "->" $$(patsubst $$(CURDIR)/%,%,$(1).bin)
-	@$$(OBJCOPY) -S --set-section-flags .bss=alloc,contents -O binary $(1).elf $(1).bin
-endef
-
diff --git a/scripts/isa/riscv.mk b/scripts/isa/riscv.mk
index bfe8e1f..1315be9 100644
--- a/scripts/isa/riscv.mk
+++ b/scripts/isa/riscv.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-AM_CFLAGS        += -static -fno-pic -mstrict-align -ffreestanding
-AM_ASFLAGS       += -static -fno-pic -O0
-
-INTERFACE_CFLAGS += -static -mcmodel=medany -mstrict-align -ffreestanding
-INTERFACE_ASFLAGS += -static -mcmodel=medany
-INTERFACE_LDFLAGS += 
+CROSS_COMPILE := riscv64-linux-gnu-
+COMMON_CFLAGS := -fno-pic -march=rv64g -mcmodel=medany  -mstrict-align
+CFLAGS        += $(COMMON_CFLAGS) -static
+ASFLAGS       += $(COMMON_CFLAGS) -O0
+LDFLAGS       += -melf64lriscv -O2
 
 # overwrite ARCH_H defined in $(AM_HOME)/Makefile
 ARCH_H := arch/riscv.h
diff --git a/scripts/platform/nemu.mk b/scripts/platform/nemu.mk
index 0e95484..dd554bd 100644
--- a/scripts/platform/nemu.mk
+++ b/scripts/platform/nemu.mk
@@ -1,26 +1,28 @@
-AM_SRCS := am/src/platform/nemu/trm.c \
-           am/src/platform/nemu/ioe/ioe.c \
-           am/src/platform/nemu/ioe/timer.c \
-           am/src/platform/nemu/ioe/input.c \
-           am/src/platform/nemu/ioe/gpu.c \
-           am/src/platform/nemu/ioe/audio.c \
-           am/src/platform/nemu/ioe/disk.c \
-           am/src/platform/nemu/mpe.c
-
-AM_PUBLIC_CFLAGS := -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections
-AM_PUBLIC_LDFLAGS := --defsym=_pmem_start=0x80000000 --defsym=_entry_offset=0x0 \
-                     --gc-sections --entry=_start
-AM_CFLAGS += $(AM_PUBLIC_CFLAGS) -DMAINARGS=\"$(mainargs)\"
-AM_LDFLAGS += -T$(AM_HOME)/scripts/linker.ld $(AM_PUBLIC_LDFLAGS)
-AM_INCPATH += $(AM_HOME)/am/src/platform/nemu/include
-
-AM_INTERFACE_CFLAGS += $(AM_PUBLIC_CFLAGS)
-AM_INTERFACE_LDFLAGS += -T$(LIB_INSTALLDIR)/ldscripts/linker.ld $(AM_PUBLIC_LDFLAGS)
-.PHONY: $(AM_HOME)/am/src/platform/nemu/trm.c
+AM_SRCS := platform/nemu/trm.c \
+           platform/nemu/ioe/ioe.c \
+           platform/nemu/ioe/timer.c \
+           platform/nemu/ioe/input.c \
+           platform/nemu/ioe/gpu.c \
+           platform/nemu/ioe/audio.c \
+           platform/nemu/ioe/disk.c \
+           platform/nemu/mpe.c
 
+CFLAGS    += -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections
+LDFLAGS   += -T $(AM_HOME)/scripts/linker.ld \
+             --defsym=_pmem_start=0x80000000 --defsym=_entry_offset=0x0
+LDFLAGS   += --gc-sections -e _start
 NEMUFLAGS += -b 
 #-l $(shell dirname $(IMAGE).elf)/nemu-log.txt 
 
+CFLAGS += -DMAINARGS=\"$(mainargs)\"
+CFLAGS += -I$(AM_HOME)/am/src/platform/nemu/include
+.PHONY: $(AM_HOME)/am/src/platform/nemu/trm.c
+
+image: $(IMAGE).elf
+	@$(OBJDUMP) -d $(IMAGE).elf > $(IMAGE).txt
+	@echo + OBJCOPY "->" $(IMAGE_REL).bin
+	@$(OBJCOPY) -S --set-section-flags .bss=alloc,contents -O binary $(IMAGE).elf $(IMAGE).bin
+
 run: image
 	$(MAKE) -C $(NEMU_HOME) ISA=$(ISA) run ARGS="$(NEMUFLAGS)" IMG=$(IMAGE).bin
 
diff --git a/scripts/riscv32-nemu.mk b/scripts/riscv32-nemu.mk
index 73dc0b1..7b3a274 100644
--- a/scripts/riscv32-nemu.mk
+++ b/scripts/riscv32-nemu.mk
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 include $(AM_HOME)/scripts/isa/riscv.mk
 include $(AM_HOME)/scripts/platform/nemu.mk
-AM_CFLAGS  += -DISA_H=\"riscv/riscv.h\" -march=rv32im_zicsr -mabi=ilp32
-AM_ASFLAGS += -march=rv32im_zicsr -mabi=ilp32
-KLIB_CFLAGS += -march=rv32im_zicsr -mabi=ilp32
-AM_LDFLAGS += -melf32lriscv
-INTERFACE_CFLAGS += -march=rv32im_zicsr -mabi=ilp32
-INTERFACE_CXXFLAGS += -march=rv32im_zicsr -mabi=ilp32
-INTERFACE_ASFLAGS += -march=rv32im_zicsr -mabi=ilp32
+CFLAGS  += -DISA_H=\"riscv/riscv.h\"
+COMMON_CFLAGS += -march=rv32im_zicsr -mabi=ilp32  # overwrite
+LDFLAGS       +=  -melf32lriscv                   # overwrite
 
-AM_SRCS += am/src/riscv/nemu/start.S \
-           am/src/riscv/nemu/cte.c \
-           am/src/riscv/nemu/trap.S \
-           am/src/riscv/nemu/vme.c
+AM_SRCS += riscv/nemu/start.S \
+           riscv/nemu/cte.c \
+           riscv/nemu/trap.S \
+           riscv/nemu/vme.c
diff --git a/scripts/templates/flags.tmpl b/scripts/templates/flags.tmpl
deleted file mode 100644
index df76341..0000000
--- a/scripts/templates/flags.tmpl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-"AM_CFLAGS += %s \n\
-AM_CXXFLAGS += %s \n\
-AM_INCPATH += %s \n\
-AM_LDFLAGS += %s \n\
-AM_ASFLAGS += %s" \
-"$INTERFACE_CFLAGS" \
-"$INTERFACE_CXXFLAGS" \
-"$INTERFACE_INCPATH" \
-"$INTERFACE_LDFLAGS" \
-"$INTERFACE_ASFLAGS"